GraphQL

How to Leverage Apollo Client Fetch Policies Like the Pros

Published May 17, 2024

Updated May 17, 2024

7 min read

Apollo Client provides a rich ecosystem and cache for interfacing with your GraphQL APIs. You write your query and leverage the useQuery hook to fetch your data. It provides you with some state context and eventually resolves your query. That data is stored in a local, normalized, in-memory cache, which allows Apollo Client to respond to most previously run requests near instantaneously. This has huge benefits for client performance and the feel of your apps. However, sometimes Apollo's default doesn't match the user experience you want to provide. They provide fetch policies to allow you to control this behavior on each query you execute. In this article, we'll explore the different fetch policies and how you should leverage them in your application.

`cache-first`

This is the default for Apollo Client. Apollo will execute your query against the cache. If the cache can fully fulfill the request, then that's it, and we return to the client. If it can only partially match your request or cannot find any of the related data, the query will be run against your GraphQL server. The response is cached for the next query and returned to the handler.

This method prioritizes minimizing the number of requests sent to your server. However, it has an adverse effect on data that changes regularly. Think of your social media feeds - they typically contain constantly changing information as new posts are generated. Or a real-time dashboard app tracking data as it moves through a system. cache-first is probably not the best policy for these use cases as you won't fetch the latest data from the upstream source. You can lower the cache time of items for the dashboard to avoid the staleness issue and still minimize the requests being made, but this problem will persist for social media feeds.

The cache-first policy should be considered for data that does not change often in your system or data that the current user fully controls. Data that doesn't change often is easily cached, and that's a recommended pattern. For data that the user controls, we need to consider how that data changes. If only the current user can change it, we have 2 options: Return the updated data in the response of any mutation which is used to update the cache Use cache invalidation methods like refetchQueries or onQueryUpdated These methods will ensure that our cache stays in sync with our server allowing the policy to work optimally. However, if other users in the system can make changes that impact the current user's view, then we can not invalidate the cache properly using these strategies which makes this policy unideal.

`network-only`

This policy skips the cache lookup and goes to the server to fetch the results. The results are stored in the cache for other operations to leverage. Going back to the example I gave in my explanation cache-first of a social media feed, the network-only policy would be a great way to implement the feed itself as it's ever-changing, and we'll likely even want to poll for changes every 10s or so. The following is an example of what this component could look like:

import { gql, useQuery } from '@apollo/client';

const GET_FEED = gql`
  query GetFeed {
    feed {
      nodes {
        id
        post
        createdAt
        author {
          id
          # ...
        }
        interactions {
          likes {
            totalCount
          }
          reposts {
            totalCount
          }
        }
      }
      paginationInfo {
        hasNextPage
        nextCursor
      }
    }
  }
`;

export default function SocialFeed() {
  const { loading, error, data } = useQuery(GET_FEED, {
    fetchPolicy: 'network-only', // only fetch from our GraphQL server
    pollInterval: 10 * 1000, // refetch the feed every 10 seconds
  });

  if (loading) return 'Loading...';
  if (error) return `Error! ${error.message}`;

  const { feed } = data;
  const { nodes: posts, paginationInfo } = feed;
  const { hasNextPage, nextCursor } = paginationInfo;

  return (
    <>
      <Feed posts={posts} />
      {hasNextPage && (<GetMorePosts cursor={nextCursor} />)}
    </>
  );
}

Whenever this SocialFeed component is rendered, we always fetch the latest results from the GraphQL server ensuring we're looking at the current data. The results are put in the cache which we can leverage in some children components.

`cache-only`

cache-only only checks the cache for the requested data and never hits the server. It throws an error if the specified cache items cannot be found. At first glance, this cache policy may seem unhelpful because it's unclear if our cache is seeded with our data. However, in combination with the network-only policy above, this policy becomes helpful. This policy is meant for components down tree from network-only level query. This method is for you if you're a fan of React components' compatibility. We can modify the return of our previous example to be as follows:

return (
    <>
      {posts.map(post => (
        <Post key={post.id} postId={post.id} />
      ))}
      {hasNextPage && (<GetMorePosts cursor={nextCursor} />)}
    </>
  )

Notice we're not passing the full post object as a prop. This simplifies our Post component types and makes later refactors easier. The Post would like like the following:

export const POST_FRAGMENT = gql`
  fragment PostFragment on Post {
    id
    post
    createdAt
    author {
      id
      # ...
    }
    interactions {
      likes {
        totalCount
      }
      reposts {
        totalCount
      }
    }
  }
`;

const GET_POST = gql`
  query GetPost($postId: ID!) {
    post(id: $postId) {
      ...PostFragment
    }
  }
`;

export function Post({ postId }) {
  const { data } = useQuery(GET_POST, {
    variables: { postId },
    fetchPolicy: 'cache-only',
  });

  const { post } = data;

  return (
    <div>
      <p>{post.post}</p>
      <p>{post.interactions.likes.totalCount} likes</p>
      <p>{post.interactions.reposts.totalCount} reposts</p>
    </div>
  )
}

In this query, we're grabbing the data directly from our cache every time because our top-level query should have fetched it. Now, a small bug here makes maintainability a bit harder. Our top-level GetFeed query doesn't guarantee fetching the same fields. Notice how our Post component exports a fragment. Fragments are a feature Apollo supports to share query elements across operations. In our SocialFeed component, we can change our query to be:

const GET_FEED = gql`
  query GetFeed {
    feed {
      nodes {
        …PostFragment
      }
      paginationInfo {
        hasNextPage
        nextCursor
      }
    }
  }
`;

Now, as we change our Post to use new fields and display different data, the refactoring is restricted to just that component, and the upstream components will detect the changes and handle them for us making our codebase more maintainable. Because the upstream component is always fetching from the network, we can trust that the cache will have our data, making this component safe to render. With these examples, though, our users will likely have to see a loading spinner or state on every render unless we add some server rendering.

`cache-and-network`

This is where cache-and-network comes to play. With this policy, Apollo Client will run your query against your cache and your GraphQL server. This further simplifies our example above if we want to provide the last fetched results to the user but then update the feed immediately upon gathering the latest data. This is similar to what X/Twitter does when you reload the app. You'll see the last value that was in the cache then it'll render the network values when ready. This can cause a jarring user experience though, if the data is changing a lot over time, so I recommend using this methodology sparsely. However, if you wanted to update our existing example, we'd just change our SocialFeed component to use this policy, and that'll keep our client and server better in sync while still enabling 10s polling.

`no-cache`

This policy is very similar to the network-only policy, except it bypasses the local cache entirely. In our previous example, we wrote engagement as a sub-selector on a Post and stored fields there. These metrics can change in real time pretty drastically. Chat features, reactions, viewership numbers, etc., are all types of data that may change in real time. The no-cache policy is good when this type of data is active, such as during a live stream or within the first few hours of a post going out. You may typically want to use the cache-and-network policy eventually but during that active period, you'll probably want to use no-cache so your consumers can trust your data. I'd probably recommend changing your server to split these queries and run different policies for the operations for performance reasons. I haven't mentioned this yet, but you can make the fetch policy on a query dynamic, meaning you combine these different policies' pending states. This could look like the following:

import { gql, useQuery } from '@apollo/client';

const GET_CHAT = gql`
  query GetChat {
    chat {
      id
      messages {
        id
        content
        author {
          id
          name
        }
      }
    }
  }
`;

export default function ChatFeed({ isLive }: { isLive: boolean }) {
  const { loading, error, data } = useQuery(GET_CHAT, {
    fetchPolicy: isLive ? 'no-cache' : 'cache-and-network', // only cache if we're not live
    pollInterval: 10 * 1000, // refetch the feed every 10 seconds
  });

  if (loading) return 'Loading...';
  if (error) return `Error! ${error.message}`;

  const { chat } = data;
  const { messages } = chat;

  return (
    <Chat messages={messages} />
  );
}

We pass whether the event is live to the component that then leverages that info to determine if we should cache or not when fetching the chat. That being said, we should consider using subscription operations for this type of feature as well, but that's an exercise for another blog post.

`standby`

This is the most uncommon fetch policy, but has a lot of use. This option runs like a cache-first query when it executes. However, by default, this query does not run and is treated like a "skip" until it is manually triggered by a refetch or updateQueries caller. You can achieve similar results by leveraging the useLazyQuery operator, but this maintains the same behavior as other useQuery operators so you'll have more consistency among your components. This method is primarily used for operations pending other queries to finish or when you want to trigger the caller on a mutation. Think about a dashboard with many filters that need to be applied before your query executes. The standby fetch policy can wait until the user hits the Apply or Submit button to execute the operation then calls a await client.refetchQueries({ include: ["DashboardQuery"] }), which will then allow your component to pull in the parameters for your operation and execute it. Again, you could achieve this with useLazyQuery so it's really up to you and your team how you want to approach this problem. To avoid learning 2 ways, though, I recommend picking just one path.

Conclusion

Apollo Client's fetch policies are a versatile and helpful tool for managing your application data and keeping it in sync with your GraphQL server. In general, you should use the defaults provided by the library, but think about the user experience you want to provide. This will help you determine which policy best meets your needs. Leveraging tools like fragments will enable you to manage your application and use composable patterns more effectively.

With the rise of React Server Components and other similar patterns, you'll need to be wary of how that impacts your Apollo Client strategy. However, if you're on a legacy application that leverages traditional SSR patterns, Apollo allows you to pre-render queries on the server and their related cache. When you combine these technologies, you'll find that your apps perform great, and your users will be delighted.

This Dot is a consultancy dedicated to guiding companies through their modernization and digital transformation journeys. Specializing in replatforming, modernizing, and launching new initiatives, we stand out by taking true ownership of your engineering projects.

We love helping teams with projects that have missed their deadlines or helping keep your strategic digital initiatives on course. Check out our case studies and our clients that trust us with their engineering.

Dustin Goodman

Engineering Manager with a passion for web and application development. Speaker and writer on work experiences and software development. Dog dad and musician fueled by coffee.

@dustinsgoodman @dustinsgoodman

Class and Enum Typings for Handling Data with GraphQL

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May 26, 2023

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GraphQL

How to create and use custom GraphQL Scalars

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From conceptualization to implementation, we'll cover the essentials of extending your GraphQL toolkit, empowering you to transform abstract ideas into concrete, practical solutions. So, let's embark together on the journey of understanding and utilizing custom GraphQL scalars, enhancing and expanding the capabilities of your GraphQL schema. Understanding Custom Scalars Custom scalars in GraphQL extend beyond basic types like String or Int, allowing data to be defined, validated, and processed more precisely. They're instrumental when default types don't quite capture the complexity or specificity of the data, such as with specialized date formats or unique identifiers. The use of custom scalars brings several benefits: * Enhanced Clarity: They offer a clearer representation of what data looks like and how it behaves. * Built-in Validation: Data integrity is bolstered at the schema level. * Flexibility: They can be tailored to specific data handling needs, making your schema more adaptable and robust. With this understanding, we'll explore creating and integrating custom scalars into a GraphQL schema, turning theory into practice. Creating a Custom Scalar Defining a Custom Scalar in TypeScript: Creating a custom scalar in GraphQL with TypeScript involves defining its behavior through parsing, serialization, and validation functions. * Parsing: Transforms input data from the client into a server-understandable format. * Serializing: Converts server data back to a client-friendly format. * Validation: Ensures data adheres to the defined format or criteria. Example: A 'Color' Scalar in TypeScript The Color scalar will ensure that every color value adheres to a valid hexadecimal format, like #FFFFFF for white or #000000 for black: ` In this TypeScript implementation: * validateColors: a function that checks if the provided string matches the hexadecimal color format. * parseValue: a method function that converts the scalar’s value from the client into the server’s representation format - this method is called when a client provides the scalar as a variable. See parseValue docs for more information * serialize: a method function that converts the scalar’s server representation format to the client format, see serialize docs for more information * parseLiteral: similar to parseValue, this method function converts the scalar’s value from the client to the server’s representation format. Still, this method is called when the scalar is provided as a hard-coded argument (inline). See parseLiteral docs for more information In the upcoming section, we'll explore how to incorporate and validate these custom scalars within your schema, ensuring they function seamlessly in real-world scenarios. Integrating Custom Scalars into a Schema Incorporating the 'Color' Scalar After defining your custom Color scalar, the next crucial step is effectively integrating it into your GraphQL schema. This integration ensures that your GraphQL server recognizes and correctly utilizes the scalar. Step-by-Step Integration 1. Add the scalar to Type Definitions: Include the Color scalar in your GraphQL type definitions. This inclusion informs GraphQL about this new scalar type. 2. Resolver Mapping: Map your custom scalar type to its resolver. This connection is key for GraphQL to understand how to process this type during queries and mutations. ` 1. Use the scalar: Update your type to use the new custom scalar ` Testing the Integration With your custom Color scalar integrated, conducting thorough testing is vital. Ensure that your GraphQL server correctly handles the Color scalar, particularly in terms of accepting valid color formats and rejecting invalid ones. For demonstration purposes, I've adapted a creation mutation to include the primaryColor field. To keep this post focused and concise, I won't detail all the code changes here, but the following screenshots illustrate the successful implementation and error handling. Calling the mutation (createTechnology) successfully: Calling the mutation with forced fail (bad color hex): Conclusion The journey into the realm of custom GraphQL scalars reveals a world where data types are no longer confined to the basics. 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Embrace the power of customization, and let your GraphQL schemas shine!...

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Starting a New Project The first thing we’ll want to ensure is that we have the serverless framework installed locally so we can utilize its commands. You can install this using npm: ` From here, we can initialize the project our project by running the serverless command to run the CLI. You should see a prompt like the following: We’ll just use the Node.js - Starter for this demo since we’ll be doing a lot of our customization, but you should check out the other options. At this point, give your project a name. If you use the Serverless Dashboard, select the org you want to use or skip it. For this, we’ll skip this step as we won’t be using the dashboard. We’ll also skip deployment, but you can run this step using your default AWS profile. 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If you want to avoid doing these steps yourself, check out our starter.dev serverless kit to help you get started....

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How to Leverage Apollo Client Fetch Policies Like the Pros

`cache-first`

`network-only`

`cache-only`

`cache-and-network`

`no-cache`

`standby`

Conclusion

Dustin Goodman

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